Centrifugal Compressors: A Basic Guide - Meherwan P. Boyce - Amazon.com
Centrifugal Compressors: A Basic Guide by Meherwan P. Boyce
Centrifugal compressors are widely used in various industrial applications, such as gas and steam turbines, pipelines, pneumatic tools, combustion, and fluid circulation. They are devices that increase the pressure and velocity of a fluid by using a rotating impeller. They are also known as turbo-compressors or dynamic compressors.
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However, choosing and operating a centrifugal compressor is not a simple task. It requires knowledge of many engineering disciplines, such as aerodynamics, thermodynamics, mechanics, instrumentation, and controls. Moreover, centrifugal compressors have complex performance characteristics that depend on various factors, such as speed, flow rate, inlet temperature, pressure ratio, impeller geometry, diffuser type, and surge control.
That's why you need a comprehensive and up-to-date reference that covers all major aspects of design, fabrication, installation, operation, and maintenance of centrifugal compressors. And that's exactly what this book provides.
Centrifugal Compressors: A Basic Guide is a book written by Meherwan P. Boyce, a renowned expert in the field of turbomachinery and power generation. He has over 40 years of experience in designing, testing, installing, operating, and troubleshooting various types of compressors. He is also the author of several other books on gas turbines, steam turbines, pumps, fans, blowers, and expanders.
This book is intended for engineers, technicians, managers, students, and anyone who wants to learn more about centrifugal compressors. It covers both theoretical and practical aspects of compressor technology in a clear and concise manner. It also includes technical details on sizing, plant layout, fuel selection, types of drives, and performance characteristics of all major components in a cogeneration or combined-cycle power plant.
Aerothermodynamics of Compressors
The first chapter of this book introduces the basic concepts and definitions related to centrifugal compressors. It explains the difference between positive displacement compressors and dynamic compressors, and between axial compressors and centrifugal compressors. It also defines some important terms, such as pressure ratio, specific speed, specific diameter, head coefficient, flow coefficient, efficiency, and slip factor.
The second chapter discusses the compressor performance and efficiency. It describes how to use compressor maps to plot the relationship between pressure ratio, flow rate, efficiency, and speed for different operating conditions. It also explains how to calculate the power input, power output, and work done by a compressor.
The third chapter deals with the compressor design and selection criteria. It presents some empirical formulas and charts that can be used to estimate the preliminary dimensions and parameters of a compressor, such as impeller diameter, blade height, blade angle, number of blades, and tip speed. It also provides some guidelines on how to select the best compressor for a given application, based on factors such as flow rate, pressure ratio, efficiency, cost, reliability, and maintenance.
Compressor Components and Characteristics
The fourth chapter focuses on the impeller design and types. It explains the different types of impellers, such as radial, backward-curved, forward-curved, and mixed-flow. It also discusses the effect of impeller geometry on the compressor performance and efficiency. It shows how to design an impeller using the velocity triangle method and the Euler equation.
The fifth chapter covers the diffuser design and types. It explains the function of a diffuser, which is to convert the kinetic energy of the fluid leaving the impeller into pressure energy. It also describes the different types of diffusers, such as vaneless, vaned, conical, annular, and volute. It shows how to design a diffuser using the momentum equation and the Bernoulli equation.
The sixth chapter addresses the surge control and prevention. It defines surge as a phenomenon that occurs when the flow rate through a compressor drops below a certain value, causing a reversal of flow and a rapid drop in pressure. It also explains the causes and consequences of surge, such as noise, vibration, damage, and loss of efficiency. It presents some methods and devices that can be used to prevent or mitigate surge, such as throttling valves, bypass valves, blow-off valves, and anti-surge controllers.
Compressor Drives and Systems
The seventh chapter reviews the gas turbines as a common type of drive for centrifugal compressors. It describes the basic components and operation of a gas turbine, such as compressor, combustor, turbine, and exhaust. It also discusses the performance and efficiency of gas turbines, and how they can be improved by using intercooling, reheating, and regeneration.
The eighth chapter examines the steam turbines as another type of drive for centrifugal compressors. It describes the basic components and operation of a steam turbine, such as nozzle, blade, bucket, and condenser. It also discusses the performance and efficiency of steam turbines, and how they can be improved by using superheating, reheat, and extraction.
The ninth chapter explores the electric motors as another type of drive for centrifugal compressors. It describes the basic components and operation of an electric motor, such as stator, rotor, winding, and magnetic field. It also discusses the performance and efficiency of electric motors, and how they can be controlled by using variable frequency drives (VFDs).
Compressor Maintenance and Testing
The tenth chapter covers the rotor dynamics, bearings, lubrication, couplings, and gears that are essential for the smooth and reliable operation of a centrifugal compressor. It explains the concepts of natural frequency, critical speed, damping ratio, unbalance, vibration, and resonance that affect the rotor dynamics. It also describes the different types of bearings, lubricants, couplings, and gears that are used to support and transmit power to the compressor rotor.
The eleventh chapter deals with the instrumentation and controls that are used to monitor and regulate the compressor operation. It explains the different types of sensors, transmitters, indicators, controllers, and actuators that are used to measure and control parameters such as pressure, temperature, flow rate, speed, power, and vibration. It also describes some common control schemes that are used to maintain the compressor performance and efficiency at different operating conditions.
The twelfth chapter discusses the compressor performance testing that is done to verify the design specifications and to identify any deviations or defects. It explains the different types of tests that can be performed on a compressor, such as shop tests, field tests, acceptance tests, and performance tests. It also describes the test procedures and equipment that are used to conduct the tests.
Conclusion
In conclusion, this book is a valuable resource for anyone who wants to learn more about centrifugal compressors. It covers all major aspects of design, operation, and maintenance of centrifugal compressors in a clear and concise manner. It also includes technical details on sizing, plant layout, fuel selection, types of drives, and performance characteristics of all major components in a cogeneration or combined-cycle power plant.
By reading this book, you will gain a comprehensive understanding of centrifugal compressors and their applications. You will also be able to select the best compressor for your needs and optimize its performance and efficiency. You will also be able to troubleshoot any problems or issues that may arise during the compressor operation. You will also be able to perform the necessary tests and maintenance to ensure the compressor reliability and safety.
If you are interested in reading this book, you can download the PDF version from the following link:
Centrifugal Compressors: A Basic Guide by Meherwan P. Boyce
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Alternatively, you can also buy the hardcover version from Amazon or other online retailers.
FAQs
What is the difference between centrifugal compressors and axial compressors?
Centrifugal compressors and axial compressors are both types of dynamic compressors that increase the pressure and velocity of a fluid by using a rotating element. However, they differ in the direction of the fluid flow and the shape of the element. In a centrifugal compressor, the fluid flows radially from the center to the periphery of an impeller that has curved blades. In an axial compressor, the fluid flows parallel to the axis of a rotor that has straight blades.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of centrifugal compressors?
Some of the advantages of centrifugal compressors are:
They can handle large flow rates and high pressure ratios.
They have simple and compact design and construction.
They have low weight and cost.
They have high reliability and low maintenance.
Some of the disadvantages of centrifugal compressors are:
They have lower efficiency than axial compressors.
They have limited range of operation and are prone to surge.
They have high rotational speed and require special drives and bearings.
They have high noise and vibration levels.
What are some applications of centrifugal compressors?
Some of the applications of centrifugal compressors are:
Gas and steam turbines for power generation.
Pipelines for gas transmission and distribution.
Pneumatic tools for industrial and domestic use.
Combustion systems for heating and propulsion.
Fluid circulation systems for cooling and refrigeration.
What are some factors that affect the performance and efficiency of centrifugal compressors?
Some of the factors that affect the performance and efficiency of centrifugal compressors are:
The speed, flow rate, inlet temperature, and pressure ratio of the fluid.
The geometry, type, number, and arrangement of the impeller blades.
The geometry, type, number, and arrangement of the diffuser vanes.
The presence and type of surge control devices and systems.
The type, size, and condition of the compressor drive and system.
How can I improve the performance and efficiency of my centrifugal compressor?
Some of the ways to improve the performance and efficiency of your centrifugal compressor are:
Selecting the best compressor for your application based on your flow rate, pressure ratio, efficiency, cost, reliability, and maintenance requirements.
Optimizing the impeller design by choosing the appropriate blade height, blade angle, number of blades, tip speed, slip factor, head coefficient, and flow coefficient.
Optimizing the diffuser design by choosing the appropriate diffuser type, vane angle, vane number, vane length, and area ratio.
Avoiding surge by using proper surge control devices and systems, such as throttling valves, bypass valves, blow-off valves, and anti-surge controllers.
Maintaining the compressor performance and efficiency by performing regular tests and maintenance, such as checking the pressure, temperature, flow rate, speed, power, and vibration parameters, and replacing or repairing any worn-out or damaged components.
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